{"id":208,"date":"2021-07-03T20:59:16","date_gmt":"2021-07-03T20:59:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wixflytt.acconeer.com\/?post_type=innovation_lab&#038;p=208"},"modified":"2022-09-08T10:24:20","modified_gmt":"2022-09-08T08:24:20","slug":"golf-speed-measurement","status":"publish","type":"innovation_lab","link":"https:\/\/acconeer.com\/sv\/innovation_lab\/golf-speed-measurement\/","title":{"rendered":"Golf speed measurement"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;40&#8243; bottom_padding_tablet=&#8221;20&#8243; bottom_padding_phone=&#8221;15&#8243; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; shape_type=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;padding-5-percent&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;top-bottom&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text]Use the A1 radar sensor to measure the efficiency of your golf swing. By measuring the speed of the club head and ball during the golf swing, you can calculate your smash factor, SF, which is a common measurement among golfers to keep track on the efficiency of their swing.[\/vc_column_text][vc_video link=&#8221;https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qm1GCYOj5rQ&#8221; el_width=&#8221;80&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221;][vc_column_text]\n<div id=\"comp-k9jqca3x\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<h3 class=\"font_7\">HARDWARE SETUP<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"comp-k9jqca3z\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<p class=\"font_7\">To implement this proof of concept, we used the following hardware:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"font_7\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"font_7\">\u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.digikey.se\/product-detail\/en\/acconeer-ab\/XR112\/1891-1003-ND\/9356271\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Radar sensor board XR112<\/a>, connected to the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.digikey.se\/product-detail\/en\/acconeer-ab\/XC112\/1891-1004-ND\/9356272\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">XC112 connector board<\/a>\u00a0using a flex cable<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"font_7\">To compensate for the small\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/acconeer-python-exploration.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/sensor_introduction.html#radar-cross-section\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">radar cross section<\/a>\u00a0(RCS) of the golf ball, we also used a Fresnel (FZP) lens<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"font_7\">Raspberry Pi, version 3B or later (we used 3B for this setup)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"font_7\">PC running\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/acconeer\/acconeer-python-exploration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploration Tool<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"font_7\"><span class=\"wixGuard\">\u200b<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_7\">In our demo, the sensor was placed approximately 90 cm right behind the ball, pointed against it slightly tilted upwards. The sensor was rotated such that the H-plane (wide\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/acconeer-python-exploration.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/sensor_introduction.html#half-power-beamwidth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">half-power beamwidth<\/a>\u00a0(HPBW)) is vertical, making the beam narrow in the horizontal axis.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font_7\"><span class=\"wixGuard\">\u200b<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_7\">To try out the feasibility of using a radar sensor integrated in a mobile phone, we put the sensor behind gorilla glass in a mobile phone mock up\u00a0which was placed on the ground as seen in the video above. However, in order to more easily get a good result, we recommend using an FZP lens as listed above.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][image_with_animation image_url=&#8221;195&#8243; image_size=&#8221;full&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;entrance&#8221; animation=&#8221;None&#8221; hover_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; box_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; image_loading=&#8221;default&#8221; max_width=&#8221;75%&#8221; max_width_mobile=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text]\n<div id=\"bgLayers_comp-k9jqca3m2\" class=\"X-jRX\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\" data-mesh-id=\"comp-k9jqca3m2inlineContent\" data-testid=\"inline-content\">\n<div data-mesh-id=\"comp-k9jqca3m2inlineContent-gridContainer\" data-testid=\"mesh-container-content\">\n<div id=\"comp-k9jticd8\" class=\"_1Cfot\">\n<div class=\"\" data-mesh-id=\"comp-k9jticd8inlineContent\" data-testid=\"inline-content\">\n<div data-mesh-id=\"comp-k9jticd8inlineContent-gridContainer\" data-testid=\"mesh-container-content\">\n<div id=\"comp-k9jtice9\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<h3 class=\"font_7\">SENSOR CONFIGURATION<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"comp-k9jticee\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<p class=\"font_7\">In order to be able to measure the speed of both the golf ball and the club head, which are both moving very fast, we need to measure at a high update rate and at the same time make sure to get a good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To achieve this, we used the experimental speed detector available in the Exploration Tool.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font_7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2546\" src=\"https:\/\/www.acconeer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/golf_speed_measurement_gui.png\" alt=\"GUI for golf speed measurement\" width=\"2048\" height=\"841\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_7\">On\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/acconeer\/acconeer-python-exploration\/blob\/87e65165e892beb9e20a4c8ec71c26e2cfabeb53\/src\/acconeer\/exptool\/a111\/algo\/speed_sparse\/_processor.py#L18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">line 18 of processor.py<\/a>\u00a0we replaced the default configuration with the following code:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"comp-k9jtksta\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<pre class=\"font_8\">config = configs.SparseServiceConfig()\r\n\r\nconfig.profile = \"profile_5\"\r\n\r\nconfig.sampling_mode = \"A\"\r\n\r\nconfig.range_interval = [1.02, 1.02]\r\n\r\nconfig.sweeps_per_frame = 512\r\n\r\nconfig.hw_accelerated_average_samples = 30<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"comp-k9jtopno\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<p class=\"font_7\">With these settings, the sensor is configured to measure at a specific point on a fixed distance from the sensor, with an unlimited update and sweep rate, using profile 5.<\/p>\n<p>Advanced information is provided as open source on <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/acconeer\/acconeer-python-exploration\/tree\/master\/src\/acconeer\/exptool\/a111\/algo\/speed_sparse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Acconeer\u2019s GitHub page<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"comp-k9jtt9hn\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<h3 class=\"font_7\">SIGNAL PROCESSING<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"comp-k9jtw3b4\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<p class=\"font_8\">For the signal processing, we did something similar to what&#8217;s done in the example\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/acconeer\/acconeer-python-exploration\/blob\/0aa884c4a7c17e6f5299e2e57aa1ccc02d3f4c05\/examples\/processing\/sparse_speed.py\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparse_speed.py<\/a> module in the Python Exploration Tool.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8\"><span class=\"wixGuard\">\u200b<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8\">The basic idea is to find the speed of the club and ball by looking for peaks in the frequency spectrum of the data. To reduce noise variance, we used\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Welch%27s_method\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Welch&#8217;s method<\/a>\u00a0of averaged periodograms to obtain a (modified) periodogram. We used that in conjunction with\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bitweenie.com\/listings\/fft-zero-padding\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">zero-padding<\/a>\u00a0to interpolate the spectrum, allowing us to get a more accurate estimate.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8\"><span class=\"wixGuard\">\u200b<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8\">A data frame from the sensor comes in a matrix with the shape (num_sweeps, num_depths), in this case (512, 1). The frames were squeezed to remove the depth dimension, leaving us with a time-series vector with length 512. In Python, with the help of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scipy.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SciPy<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 a Python-based ecosystem of open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering \u2013 we can get the modified periodogram as follows:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"comp-k9ju0bxz\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<pre class=\"font_8\">freqs,\u00a0periodogram = signal.welch(\r\n\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 frame.squeeze(),\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 fs=sweep_rate,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 # obtained from the \"session info\"\/metadata\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 nfft=2048,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 # unnecessarily high but nice for visualization\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 nperseg=256,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 # cutting the data into 3 segments\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 noverlap=256 \/\/ 2,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 # 50% overlap\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 return_onesided=True,\u00a0 # we only need the one-sided spectrum since we have real data\r\n\r\n)<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"comp-k9ju39p8\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<p class=\"font_8\">After this, we applied simple noise normalization by dividing with the mean of a few top frequency bins, as in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/acconeer\/acconeer-python-exploration\/blob\/0aa884c4a7c17e6f5299e2e57aa1ccc02d3f4c05\/examples\/processing\/sparse_speed.py\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparse_speed.py<\/a>. Having this normalized periodogram, we manually put in a detection threshold and found the frame of interest, and then manually determined which peaks correspond to the ball and club. In a real application, we would need to write some decision algorithm to do this automatically.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][image_with_animation image_url=&#8221;196&#8243; image_size=&#8221;full&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;entrance&#8221; animation=&#8221;None&#8221; hover_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; box_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; image_loading=&#8221;default&#8221; max_width=&#8221;75%&#8221; max_width_mobile=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text]\n<div id=\"comp-k9ju8m9q\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<p class=\"font_8\">In the figure above, you can clearly see the peaks corresponding to the ball and club head. In the case of this particular swing, the club speed was 40 m\/s and the ball speed 57 m\/s, resulting in a smash factor of 1,43.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"comp-k9jqca41\" class=\"_1Cfot\">\n<div class=\"\" data-mesh-id=\"comp-k9jqca41inlineContent\" data-testid=\"inline-content\">\n<div data-mesh-id=\"comp-k9jqca41inlineContent-gridContainer\" data-testid=\"mesh-container-content\">\n<div id=\"comp-k9jqca411\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<h3 class=\"font_7\">TRY IT ON YOUR OWN AND GET IN TOUCH<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"comp-k9jqca422\" class=\"_2bafp\" data-testid=\"richTextElement\">\n<p class=\"font_8\">To build your own version of this setup, order the XR112 radar sensor board, XC112 connector board and LH112 lens kit from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.digikey.se\/en\/supplier-centers\/a\/acconeer-ab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Digi-Key<\/a>. Combined with a Raspberry Pi and our\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/acconeer\/acconeer-python-exploration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploration Tool<\/a>\u00a0you can play around with this and many other use cases.\u00a0 Or why\u00a0not try implementing the golf speed measurement using\u00a0the XM122 IoT module, which enables a battery-driven wireless implementation?<\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8\">To get started, head over to our\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/developer.acconeer.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Developer site<\/a>\u00a0where you find software downloads, get started guides and more. If you want to learn more about radar technology and Acconeer&#8217;s pulsed coherent radar (PCR), check out our\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/acconeer-python-exploration.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/sensor_introduction.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Radar Sensor Introduction<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8\"><span class=\"wixGuard\">\u200b<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8\">If you try this, or work on something else, we&#8217;d love to hear about your project! Please get in touch with us on\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:innovation@acconeer.com\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">innovation@acconeer.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\u2190 Back to Innovation Lab&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h5|text_align:left&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; link=&#8221;url:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acconeer.com%2Finnovation-lab%2F|title:Innovation%20Lab&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Measure the efficiency of your golf swing using Acconeer&#8217;s A1 radar sensor. Get details on hardware setup and sensor configuration to implement golf speed measurement.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":194,"template":"","class_list":["post-208","innovation_lab","type-innovation_lab","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Golf speed measurement - Acconeer<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"By measuring the speed of the club head and ball during the golf swing, you can calculate your smash factor, SF, which is a common measurement among golfers to keep track on the efficiency of their swing.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/acconeer.com\/innovation_lab\/golf-speed-measurement\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sv_SE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Golf speed measurement - 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